Conventional bombs are usually defined by a number of functional components that act in sequence to produce an explosion. A fuse initiates a chain reaction once desired criteria are met. This can be an interval of time, a remote signal, or pressure/impact. The ultimate purpose of a fuse is to activate a detonator, such as a blasting cap, which is a small but sensitive primary combustible material that initiates a more powerful (but less sensitive) secondary explosive, such as black powder, dynamite, trinitrotoluene, or a more modern plastic explosive, such as C4.
However, at its most basic level, a bomb can be nothing more than a chemical reaction that transfers energy into mechanical stress in a destructive fashion; ingredients housed in a rigid container that expands until failure. If the expansion is sufficiently rapid and under enough pressure, an explosion occurs. In theory, the container itself can be the most fatal component because fragments of the housing may become shrapnel propelled by the explosion.
It is regrettable that the accident happened despite her intellect and years of training.