Always Has Been: Chapter 1: Impact of Lead Cistern Pumps on Public Health in 1693

In 1693, the advent of lead cistern pumps as an innovative method for transporting water in urban areas revealed significant public health challenges. Though these pumps allowed efficient water movement, the lead-based materials leached toxins into the water supply, causing widespread lead poisoning. This led to health issues like cognitive and physical impairments within communities. The resulting public health crisis spurred awareness and efforts to develop safer water distribution materials and practices.